Greenland yields 120,000-year-old bacterial 'Ice Man'

Scientists say a bacterium that’s spent the past 120,000 in a dormant state under more than three kilometres of glacial ice in Greenland could hold clues as to what life forms might exist on other planets.

The team of researchers from Pennsylvania State University describe the microbe — dubbed Herminiimonas glaciei — in the current issue of the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology.

The team coaxed the dormant microbe back to life by first incubating their samples at 2˚C for seven months and then at 5˚C for a further four and a half months, after which colonies of very small purple-brown bacteria were seen.

H. glaciei is small even by bacterial standards — it is 10 to 50 times smaller than E coli. The researchers believe its small size probably helped it to survive in the liquid veins among ice crystals and the thin liquid film on their surfaces. Small cell size is considered to be advantageous for more efficient nutrient uptake, protection against predators and occupation of micro-niches, and it’s been shown that ultramicrobacteria are dominant in many soil and marine environments.

Most life on our planet has always consisted of microorganisms, so it is reasonable to consider that this might be true on other planets as well, the researchers say. Studying microorganisms living under extreme conditions on Earth may provide insight into what sorts of life forms could survive elsewhere in the solar system.

“These extremely cold environments are the best analogues of possible extraterrestrial habitats”, said researcher Jennifer Loveland-Curtze. “The exceptionally low temperatures can preserve cells and nucleic acids for even millions of years. H. glaciei is one of just a handful of officially described ultra-small species and the only one so far from the Greenland ice sheet; studying these bacteria can provide insights into how cells can survive and even grow under extremely harsh conditions, such as temperatures down to -56˚C, little oxygen, low nutrients, high pressure and limited space.”

She continued, “H. glaciei isn’t a pathogen and is not harmful to humans, but it can pass through a 0.2 micron filter, which is the filter pore size commonly used in sterilization of fluids in laboratories and hospitals. If there are other ultra-small bacteria that are pathogens, then they could be present in solutions presumed to be sterile. In a clear solution very tiny cells might grow but not create the density sufficient to make the solution cloudy.”